![]() ![]() ![]() Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (hADSCs) have received great attention in the field of tissue engineering, mainly due to their easy accessibility, abundant sources, rapid expansion, and capability of multiple lineage differentiation. Citation4 Hence, bone tissue engineering involving the transplant of an appropriate scaffold alone or in combination with seed cells has become a promising therapeutic approach for bone regeneration. Citation2, Citation3 An alternative option for treating bone defects is the use of an allogenic bone graft, which carries the risk of disease transmission and infection from donor to recipient. Citation1 However, autologous bone grafts are usually associated with drawbacks such as donor site morbidity, pain, second-site surgery, prolonged hospitalization, and inadequate donor tissue availability. Autologous bone graft is the gold standard for clinical repair of bone defects. Complex bone injuries and defects arising from trauma, tumor resection, and developmental deformities still present a difficult challenge for orthopedic surgeons worldwide in giving effective treatment. ![]()
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